How to Become a Plumber

Yes, but do your research first. Plumbing requires a license in most states and municipalities, which involves a background check. However, most states evaluate criminal records on a case-by-case basis. Factors they consider include the type of offense, how long ago it occurred, whether it is related to the work, and evidence of rehabilitation. Non-violent offenses that are several years old are generally not disqualifying.

Before investing in training, contact your state or local plumbing licensing board and request a pre-determination or preliminary evaluation. Many states now offer this process under fair chance licensing laws. States like California, Colorado, Illinois, and others have enacted laws that limit the use of criminal records in licensing decisions. If your state presents barriers, consider starting as a plumber's helper (unlicensed position) to gain experience while your record ages, or look into expungement options.

The plumbing career path has distinct levels. Plumber's Helper or Laborer is an entry-level position that does not require a license. You assist licensed plumbers and learn basic skills. Pay ranges from $28,000-$38,000. This is a great starting point if you need to begin working immediately or while waiting for apprenticeship acceptance.

Apprentice Plumber is the formal training level where you work under a licensed journeyman while attending classes. Pay starts at $35,000-$45,000 and increases annually. Journeyman Plumber is the standard professional level -- you have completed your apprenticeship and passed the licensing exam. You can work independently and supervise apprentices. Pay is $50,000-$80,000. Master Plumber is the highest individual level, requiring 2-5 years as a journeyman plus an additional exam. You can pull permits, design plumbing systems, and run your own business. Pay is $65,000-$100,000+. Plumbing Contractor/Business Owner: licensed master plumbers who start their own businesses can earn $100,000-$200,000+ annually.

The median annual wage for plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters is $61,550 according to BLS data. The top 10% earn over $102,390. Apprentice plumbers earn $35,000-$50,000 depending on year and location. Union journeyman plumbers in major cities earn $70,000-$95,000 including benefits. Plumbers who specialize in commercial, industrial, or new construction work generally earn more than residential plumbers.

Job growth is projected at 8% through 2033, faster than average for all occupations. About 42,600 plumbing positions open every year due to growth and retirements. The plumbing workforce is aging, with many experienced plumbers nearing retirement, creating strong opportunity for new entrants. Infrastructure spending and green plumbing initiatives (water conservation, rainwater harvesting) are creating additional demand.

Residential plumbing covers homes and apartments -- installing and repairing water supply lines, drain systems, fixtures, and water heaters. This is where most plumbers start. Commercial plumbing involves larger-scale systems in offices, restaurants, hospitals, and retail spaces. It pays more and involves more complex systems. Industrial plumbing covers factories, power plants, and large industrial facilities with specialized piping systems.

Pipefitting is a related trade that focuses on high-pressure piping systems for steam, gas, and chemicals. Pipefitters often earn premium wages, especially in industrial settings. Steamfitting is a high-paying specialty involving steam heating systems in large buildings. Gas line installation and repair is another specialty that requires additional certification but pays well. Service and repair plumbing focuses on diagnosing and fixing problems in existing systems, which is in constant demand and offers good income potential, especially for independent operators.

Plumbing is one of the best trades for eventually becoming your own boss. Once you are a licensed master plumber, you can start your own plumbing business with relatively low startup costs -- a work vehicle, basic tools, and insurance. The demand for plumbing services is constant and local, meaning you are not competing with overseas companies or large corporations.

Owning a plumbing business gives you control over which jobs you take and who you work for. This is especially valuable for people with records who may face employment discrimination. As your own boss, your record is between you and your licensing board, not an employer's HR department. Successful independent plumbers in busy markets routinely earn $100,000-$200,000+ per year. The key is building a reputation for quality work and reliability through word-of-mouth referrals.

The apprenticeship route costs nothing -- you earn a wage from day one. For pre-apprenticeship programs, fill out the FAFSA at studentaid.gov for Pell Grants (up to $7,395/year). WIOA grants through your local American Job Center can pay for approved plumbing training programs. The PHCC Educational Foundation offers scholarships for plumbing students. Some states have specific grants for skilled trades training.

Veterans can use GI Bill benefits for approved plumbing programs. The Helmets to Hardhats program connects veterans with plumbing apprenticeships. If you are age 16-24, Job Corps offers free plumbing training. State vocational rehabilitation programs may fund plumbing training if you have a qualifying disability. Some reentry organizations specifically fund trade school for people with criminal records -- ask your parole/probation officer or local reentry program.