Can a felon own a black powder gun?

Under federal law, generally yes. The federal Gun Control Act defines 'firearm' in a way that excludes 'antique firearms' (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(16)): pre-1899 guns and replicas, and any muzzleloader that uses black powder or a substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition — including modern inlines — unless it can be readily converted or uses a firearm frame/receiver. Felons can possess these federally. However, some states (Illinois, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and others) have their own definitions that treat muzzleloaders as firearms. Check your state law.

Can a felon own a muzzleloader?

Under federal law, muzzleloaders that use black powder or a substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition are 'antique firearms' exempt from the felon prohibition — that covers traditional sidelocks and most modern inlines alike. You can purchase them without an FFL or background check. The exception does not cover designs that can be readily converted to fire fixed ammunition. State laws vary — some states treat muzzleloaders as firearms under state law. Always check your state's specific law.

Can a felon hunt with a crossbow?

Yes, in states where crossbow hunting is legal and crossbow possession by felons is allowed. Crossbow hunting is legal in most states — Oregon prohibits it entirely, and Massachusetts and Hawaii allow it only by disability permit. Specific seasons and rules vary. You will need a valid hunting license (no background check required) and appropriate tags. Crossbow hunting provides an effective and accessible way for felons to participate in hunting without violating the federal firearm prohibition.

Can a felon own a compound bow?

Yes. Compound bows, recurve bows, and longbows are legal for felons in every state. They are archery equipment and not firearms under federal law (a few states regulate bows as weapons for specific purposes). No background check is needed to purchase. Bows can be used for hunting during archery seasons — subject to state equipment and season rules — and for recreational target shooting. Archery is one of the most accessible outdoor sports for people with records.

Can a felon own an air rifle?

In most states, yes. Air-powered guns (air rifles, pellet guns, BB guns) are generally not considered 'firearms' under federal law because they use compressed air rather than an explosive propellant. Most states follow the same definition. However, a few states (New Jersey, Rhode Island) and some cities treat air guns as firearms. High-powered PCP air rifles may receive different treatment in some jurisdictions. Check your state and local laws.

Which states restrict muzzleloaders for felons?

States that may restrict felon possession of muzzleloaders include Illinois (requires a Firearm Owners Identification card, which felons cannot get), New Jersey (treats muzzleloaders as firearms), Massachusetts (requires a Firearms Identification card), and potentially a few others depending on interpretation. Most states follow the federal definition and allow felon possession of muzzleloaders. Contact a local attorney or your state's firearms regulatory agency for definitive guidance.

Do I need a background check to buy a crossbow or muzzleloader?

Under federal law, no. Crossbows are not firearms and do not require FFL purchases or background checks. Traditional muzzleloaders are 'antique firearms' exempt from FFL and background check requirements. You can buy them at sporting goods stores, gun shows, or online without a NICS check. Some states may have their own point-of-sale requirements. Modern firearms — including modern cartridge firearms of any kind — still require FFL purchases and background checks that will deny felons.

Can a Felon Own a Crossbow?

Last updated: 2026-09-07

Under federal law, yes — felons can generally own crossbows and certain black powder/muzzleloading firearms. Here is why: the federal Gun Control Act (18 U.S.C. § 922(g)) prohibits felons from possessing 'firearms,' but the legal definition of 'firearm' under federal law (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(3)) excludes 'antique firearms' (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(16)): guns made before 1899 and their replicas, and any muzzleloader — including modern inline designs — that uses black powder or a black powder substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition, unless it can be readily converted to fire fixed ammunition or incorporates the frame or receiver of a firearm. Crossbows are not firearms at all — they are archery equipment. However, state laws vary significantly, and some states have their own definitions that treat muzzleloaders as firearms or restrict crossbow ownership by felons. Always check your state's specific laws before purchasing any weapon.

You CAN legally own these (federally)...

✓Crossbows are legal for felons in most states — they are archery equipment, not firearms under federal or most state laws
✓Muzzleloaders — traditional sidelock or modern inline — that use black powder or a substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition are exempt from the federal firearm definition
✓Compound bows and recurve bows are legal for felons everywhere — they are not firearms in any jurisdiction
✓Slingshots, air rifles, and pellet guns are legal for felons in most states (some exceptions)
✓You can use crossbows and archery equipment for hunting in states where crossbow hunting is legal
✓Federal law specifically exempts antique firearms from the prohibition on felon firearm possession

Restrictions to be aware of...

✗State law treats muzzleloaders as firearms (some states)
While federal law exempts antique firearms/muzzleloaders from the 'firearm' definition, some states have their own broader definitions. States that may restrict felon possession of muzzleloaders include: Illinois (requires FOID card), New Jersey (treats muzzleloaders as firearms), Massachusetts (requires FID card), and a few others. In these states, a felon possessing a muzzleloader could face state-level charges even though federal law permits it. (State firearms statutes (varies))
✗A muzzleloader that can be readily converted to fire fixed ammunition
Modern muzzleloaders — including inlines using 209 shotshell primers — generally qualify as antiques under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(16)(C) because they use black powder or a substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition. But the protection is lost if the gun can be readily converted to fire fixed ammunition or if it incorporates the frame or receiver of a firearm. Ignition type is not the operative test — convertibility is. (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(16)(C))
✗Crossbow restrictions during supervised release or probation
Some probation or parole conditions broadly prohibit possession of 'weapons' or 'dangerous weapons,' which may include crossbows and bows. Even though these are not firearms, a supervised release condition banning 'weapons' could encompass them. Check your specific conditions. Possession of a prohibited item under supervision can result in revocation. (Federal/state supervision conditions)
✗Some states restrict crossbow ownership by felons
A small number of states include crossbows in their definition of 'dangerous weapons' that felons cannot possess. These restrictions are uncommon but do exist. Check your specific state's laws before purchasing a crossbow. (State weapons statutes (varies))

Gray areas — it depends on your state and circumstances

Black powder revolvers and pistols

Cap-and-ball revolvers (like the Colt 1851 Navy reproduction) and black powder pistols that use loose powder and a percussion cap ignition system generally qualify as antique firearms under federal law. However, conversion cylinders that allow these revolvers to fire modern cartridge ammunition would convert them into regulated firearms. Some states also treat black powder handguns differently than long guns. Use only as-manufactured black powder configurations.

Air rifles, pellet guns, and BB guns

Air-powered guns are generally not considered 'firearms' under federal law because they do not use an explosive propellant. Most states also exclude them from firearm definitions. However, some states (like New Jersey, Rhode Island, and a few cities) regulate air guns as firearms or weapons. High-powered air rifles (PCP rifles producing over 25 ft-lbs of energy) may receive different treatment in some jurisdictions.

Modern inline muzzleloaders

Modern inline muzzleloaders (like the CVA Optima or Thompson/Center) use 209 primers and may have scopes and synthetic stocks. They generally still qualify under the federal antique exemption (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(16)(C)) because they use black powder or a substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition — but the exception fails if the design can be readily converted to fixed ammunition or uses a firearm frame/receiver. Traditional sidelock percussion or flintlock designs remain the clearest cases.

Crossbow hunting regulations

Crossbow hunting is legal in most states — but not all. Oregon prohibits crossbow hunting entirely, and a few states (including Massachusetts and Hawaii) allow crossbows only by disability permit. Others restrict crossbows to firearm seasons or specific rules. Where it is legal, felons can use crossbows during legal hunting seasons. You will need a valid hunting license and any required tags/stamps. Hunting licenses do not require criminal background checks.

Knife and blade restrictions

Knife laws vary by state and can affect what tools you carry while hunting or fishing. Some states restrict felons from carrying certain types of knives (switchblades, double-edged daggers, etc.). Fixed-blade hunting knives of reasonable size are generally legal. Check your state's knife laws and supervision conditions.

Weapon Types — What Felons Can Legally Own

Type	Difficulty	Details
Crossbow	Legal in Most States	Crossbows are classified as archery equipment, not firearms, under both federal and most state laws. They can be purchased without a background check at sporting goods stores or online. Crossbows are effective for hunting and target shooting. A quality hunting crossbow costs $300-$800. A small number of states restrict crossbow possession by felons — check your state.
Compound Bow / Recurve Bow	Legal Everywhere	Traditional bows and compound bows are legal for felons in every state. They are not firearms under federal law, though some states define bows as weapons for particular regulatory purposes. Archery hunting is legal in every state, subject to state equipment and season regulations. No background check is needed to purchase a bow. Compound bows range from $200-$1,000+.
Traditional Muzzleloader (Flintlock/Percussion Cap)	Legal Federally — Check State Law	Traditional sidelock muzzleloaders using flintlock or percussion cap ignition are specifically exempted from the federal firearm definition as 'antique firearms.' They can be purchased without an FFL or background check. They are effective hunting tools. However, some states (IL, NJ, MA, and others) treat muzzleloaders as firearms under state law. Always check your state before purchasing.
Modern Inline Muzzleloader	Legal Federally — More State Variation	Most modern inline muzzleloaders qualify as antique firearms under federal law (black powder or substitute, cannot fire fixed ammunition), and modern features like 209 primers and scopes do not defeat the exemption — convertibility to fixed ammunition does. Some states explicitly include or exclude inline muzzleloaders from their 'firearm' definition, so state law is the real variable. A traditional sidelock remains the most conservative choice.
Air Rifle / Pellet Gun	Legal in Most States	Air-powered guns are generally not firearms under federal law. They can be used for small game hunting and target shooting. High-powered PCP air rifles can take larger game. However, some states and cities regulate air guns. New Jersey and Rhode Island are notably restrictive. Check your state and local laws.

How to Apply — Step by Step

Check your specific state laws

Before purchasing any weapon, verify your state's specific laws regarding felon possession of crossbows, muzzleloaders, and air guns. State laws vary significantly from federal law. Search '[your state] felon crossbow law' or '[your state] felon muzzleloader law' or contact a local attorney. The safest approach is to check both state statutes and any applicable case law.

Check your supervision conditions (if applicable)

If you are on probation, parole, or supervised release, review your conditions carefully. Some conditions broadly prohibit possession of 'weapons' or 'dangerous weapons,' which may include crossbows and bows even though they are not firearms. Contact your supervising officer to confirm what you can and cannot possess. Get written confirmation if possible.

Purchase your equipment from a reputable dealer

Crossbows, bows, and traditional muzzleloaders can be purchased at sporting goods stores (Cabela's, Bass Pro Shops, Academy Sports), archery pro shops, or online retailers. No FFL (Federal Firearms License) dealer is required for crossbows or antique firearms. No background check is required under federal law (state laws may vary). Keep your receipt as proof of legal purchase.

For muzzleloaders: choose a traditional design

If purchasing a muzzleloader, choose a traditional sidelock design with a percussion cap or flintlock ignition system. These most clearly fit the federal 'antique firearm' exemption. Avoid designs with modern cartridge conversion capabilities or features that blur the line between antique and modern firearms. When in doubt, a traditional Hawken-style percussion rifle or Kentucky long rifle is the safest choice.

Get a hunting license if you plan to hunt

If you plan to use your crossbow or muzzleloader for hunting, obtain a hunting license from your state fish and wildlife agency. Hunting licenses do not require criminal background checks. You will also need any required tags, stamps, and endorsements for the species and season you plan to hunt. Complete any required hunter safety education courses.

Practice safety and responsible ownership

Whether using a crossbow, bow, or muzzleloader, follow all safety rules. Take a hunter safety course. Practice at an archery range or shooting range that allows muzzleloaders. Store weapons safely and securely. Follow all hunting regulations. Responsible ownership helps protect your rights and demonstrates rehabilitation.

Take Action — Direct Links

ATF — Antique Firearms: Definition and Exemptions
Official ATF guidance on what qualifies as an 'antique firearm' exempt from the Gun Control Act — essential reading for felons considering muzzleloaders
18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(3) and (a)(16) — Federal definitions of firearm and antique firearm
Full text of the federal definitions that determine what is and is not a 'firearm' for purposes of the felon prohibition
Crossbow hunting regulations by state
State-by-state guide to crossbow hunting regulations — seasons, legal specifications, and where crossbows are permitted
Collateral Consequences Resource Center — Firearms Rights Restoration
State-by-state guide to restoring firearms rights — if you want to eventually own modern firearms legally

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a felon own a crossbow?: In most states, yes. Crossbows are classified as archery equipment, not firearms, under federal law and most state laws. The federal felon firearm prohibition (18 U.S.C. § 922(g)) does not apply to crossbows because they are not 'firearms.' However, a small number of states have their own restrictions on crossbow ownership by felons, and supervision conditions may prohibit 'weapons' broadly. Always check your state's specific laws.
Can a felon own a black powder gun?: Under federal law, generally yes. The federal Gun Control Act defines 'firearm' in a way that excludes 'antique firearms' (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(16)): pre-1899 guns and replicas, and any muzzleloader that uses black powder or a substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition — including modern inlines — unless it can be readily converted or uses a firearm frame/receiver. Felons can possess these federally. However, some states (Illinois, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and others) have their own definitions that treat muzzleloaders as firearms. Check your state law.
Can a felon own a muzzleloader?: Under federal law, muzzleloaders that use black powder or a substitute and cannot fire fixed ammunition are 'antique firearms' exempt from the felon prohibition — that covers traditional sidelocks and most modern inlines alike. You can purchase them without an FFL or background check. The exception does not cover designs that can be readily converted to fire fixed ammunition. State laws vary — some states treat muzzleloaders as firearms under state law. Always check your state's specific law.
Can a felon hunt with a crossbow?: Yes, in states where crossbow hunting is legal and crossbow possession by felons is allowed. Crossbow hunting is legal in most states — Oregon prohibits it entirely, and Massachusetts and Hawaii allow it only by disability permit. Specific seasons and rules vary. You will need a valid hunting license (no background check required) and appropriate tags. Crossbow hunting provides an effective and accessible way for felons to participate in hunting without violating the federal firearm prohibition.
Can a felon own a compound bow?: Yes. Compound bows, recurve bows, and longbows are legal for felons in every state. They are archery equipment and not firearms under federal law (a few states regulate bows as weapons for specific purposes). No background check is needed to purchase. Bows can be used for hunting during archery seasons — subject to state equipment and season rules — and for recreational target shooting. Archery is one of the most accessible outdoor sports for people with records.
Can a felon own an air rifle?: In most states, yes. Air-powered guns (air rifles, pellet guns, BB guns) are generally not considered 'firearms' under federal law because they use compressed air rather than an explosive propellant. Most states follow the same definition. However, a few states (New Jersey, Rhode Island) and some cities treat air guns as firearms. High-powered PCP air rifles may receive different treatment in some jurisdictions. Check your state and local laws.
Which states restrict muzzleloaders for felons?: States that may restrict felon possession of muzzleloaders include Illinois (requires a Firearm Owners Identification card, which felons cannot get), New Jersey (treats muzzleloaders as firearms), Massachusetts (requires a Firearms Identification card), and potentially a few others depending on interpretation. Most states follow the federal definition and allow felon possession of muzzleloaders. Contact a local attorney or your state's firearms regulatory agency for definitive guidance.
Do I need a background check to buy a crossbow or muzzleloader?: Under federal law, no. Crossbows are not firearms and do not require FFL purchases or background checks. Traditional muzzleloaders are 'antique firearms' exempt from FFL and background check requirements. You can buy them at sporting goods stores, gun shows, or online without a NICS check. Some states may have their own point-of-sale requirements. Modern firearms — including modern cartridge firearms of any kind — still require FFL purchases and background checks that will deny felons.

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Disclaimer: This is informational only, not legal advice. Weapons laws vary significantly by state. Check your state's specific laws and consult a qualified attorney before purchasing any weapon.